The Analysis of Code-Mixing Used in '5cm' Novel Written by Donny Dhirgantoro
A. Background
Bilingualism or multilingualism is a major fact of life in the world today. According to Bhatia, (2009), “Bilingualism and multilingualism phenomena are devoted to the study of production, processing, and comprehension of two (and more than two) languages, respectively” (p. 1). It means possible for the bilingual or multilingual people use more than one code or language in communication.
Nowadays, people do not only speak in one language but also mix their language. People develop their knowledge and ability in second language. People can speak using two or more languages in a time. In a bilingual or multilingual society, it is normal for the people to be in a situation where a choice between two or more codes has to be made. To a bilingual or multilingual, although choosing a code is one of the routines, the skill in deciding which code should be chosen still needs developing. According to Muysken (2000), “Code mixing is the use of lexical items and grammatical features between two languages that appear in one sentence” (p. 1). Meanwhile, Nababan, P.W.J (1986) as cited by Udoro, Bagus (2008), “Code-mixing happens when people mix two languages (or more) languages in such speech act or discourse without any force to do mixing codes” (p. 15). It means code-mixing is insertion lexical items and grammatical features of one language within another language in one sentence without any force and change the topic. People uses code-mixing not only in oral form, but also in writing such as novel, short story, poetry, etc. The phenomenon of code mixing can be found in literary books in Indonesia like as novel.
Literary books in Indonesia have been developed since many years ago, both in their quantity and their quality. Since the coming of foreigners who use English in their communication, Indonesian people become able to use English and begin to teach/spread it to other Indonesian people. Since then, Indonesian literary books have also been influenced by English that we often see books that contain English. One kind of Indonesian literary book that is much influenced by English is the novel. A novel is an extended fictional prose narrative focusing on a few primary characters but often involving scores of secondary characters. According to Abrams (1933) as cited by Wahdani (2010), “The novel involves events, characters, and what the characters say and do” (p. 1). In this case, the novel ‘5 cm’ is a novel which includes the dialogues containing English. The characters in this novel often mix their Indonesia language with English. This kind of situation may be called code mixing. The phenomenon of code mixing itself has become an interesting topic to be discussed, especially in the novel ‘5 cm’ written by Donny Dhirgantoro.
The writer conducts the further research about code-mixing because the writer is inspired previous research that was conducted by Nuryanto. Sri (2014), entitled “Code Mixing Used in Sby’s Political Speeches Period 2009 - 2014” The research discussed about language forms were code-mixed in Sby’s Political Speeches of the period 2009 - 2014, and the factors that cause those codes mixing.
Based on the explanations above, the writer is interested in conducting the research entitled “The Analysis of Code-mixing Used in Novel ‘5cm’ Written by Donny Dhirgantoro”. In this present research, the writer focuses on finding the types of code-mixing used by the characters and motives of using code-mixing in the novel ‘5 CM’ written by Donny Dhirgantoro.
B. Formulation of the Problems
Based on the background, the formulation of the problem in this research are, as follows:
1. What are the types of code-mixing used in the novel ‘5 CM’?
2. What are the motives of using code-mixing in the novel ‘5 CM’?
C. The Aims of the Research
The purpose of this research is to know:
1. The types of code-mixing used in the novel ‘5 CM’ written by Donny Dhirgantoro.
2. The motives of using code-mixing in the novel ‘5 CM’.
D. Operational Definition
To avoid the different perception, it is described some operational definition related to the topic of this research, as follows;
1. Code-Mixing :
It is speech act that speakers or writers mix two codes or more language in the dialogues, the main characteristics in code mixing are relaxed situations and informal situation.
2. Novel ‘5 Cm’ : Novel written by Donny Dhirgantoro on 2005. This novel tell about the journey of 5 friends and this novel teach about hopes, dreams, willpower, love, and friendship. This novel was bestseller book for two years in 2011 and 2012.
E. Use of the Research
1. Theoretical Use
This research is expected to provide further information to the next researchers who are interested in carrying out the research related to the phenomenon of code-mixing in a novel.
2. Practical Use
This research is expected to provide information to the teachers and students about the phenomenon of code-mixing in a novel, especially in ‘5 CM’ novel written by Donny Dhirgantoro.
3. Empirical Use
In this research the writer expects to obtain important data about the phenomenon of code-mixing in a novel that useful to increase the knowledge about code-mixing.
F. Theoretical studies
1. Description of Bilingualism and Multilingualism
a. Bilingualism
Speaking two languages rather than just one has obvious practical benefits in an increasingly globalized world. The use of two languages in a society is called bilingualism. The bilingualism can be literally well known. According to Hamers and Michel (2000),
The concept of bilingualism refers to the state of a linguistic community in which two languages are in contact with the result that two codes can be used in the same interaction and that a number of individuals are bilingual (societal bilingualism); but it also includes the concept of blinguality (or individual bilinguality)” (p. 42).
It means bilingualism is a situation where a speaker can use two languages as well. Meanwhile, Muysken (2000), “An ideal bilingual switches (mixes) from one language according to appropriate changes in the speech situation (interlocutor, topic, etc.) but not in an unchanged speech situation and certainly not within a single sentence” (p. 1).
Based on the discussion, the writer concludes that code switching and code-mixing are part of the study of bilingualism which have become a very popular language, it is to be an influence for smooth communication in Indonesia. Furthermore, bilingualism occurs because of habit. Some people use more than one languages because their language ability has developed. They can use not only their first language but also another language. In the process interaction, people may have the bilingual communication. And they are also able to choose which language is going to use.
b. Multilingualism
Multilingualism becomes social phenomenon governed by the needs of globalization and cultural openness. Mesthrie, Swann, Deumert, Leap, (2009) state, “The term ‘multilingualism’ in the more general way (to mean the use of two or more languages). Neither usage is quite satisfactory, and the reader has to deduce whether in certain cases multi- means ‘two’ or bi means ‘more than two’.” (p. 37). It means, multilingualism is condition where the people use more than two languages to communicate with others. According to Myers-Scotton (2006), “Multilingualism is speaking more than two languages” (p. 2). It means, multilingualism is the use of two or more languages by speakers for communicating.
Based on the theory, it can be concluded that bilingualism is the use of two languages by a speaker in the interaction with the speaker of other language. Beside bilingualism, there is multilingualism. Actually, the concept of bilingualism and multilingualism is same. However, multilingualism is regarding the use of state of more than two languages by a speaker when communicating with others in turn.
2. Description of Code-mixing
a. Code-mixing
People, then, are usually required to select a particular code whenever the choose to communicate, and they may also decide to mix codes within sometimes very short utterances and thereby create a new code in a process known as code-mixing. One of the effect of using two or more languages or bilingualism is code-mixing. According to Muysken (2000), “Code-mixing refers to all cases where lexical items and grammatical features from two languages appear in one sentence” (p. 1). It means the phenomenon of code-mixing occurs where a sentence appears words, phrase, or clause from two languages. The phenomenon of code-mixing does not only use in daily life condition. It also used by some the writers to create magazine, novel, fan fiction, short story, etc. In addition, Mayerhoff (2006), “Code-mixing generally refers to alterations between varieties or codes within a phrase or clause. Code mixing is as consequence of bilingualism” (p. 120). It means code-mixing is an alteration of phrase or clause in a sentence without changing the intent or purpose.
Furthermore, Chaer and Agustina (2010) states “Satu bahasa yang digunakan, tetapi di dalamnya terdapat serpihan-serpihan kata dari bahasa lain.” (p. 117). It means, a language can be said containing of code-mixing, if in the language can be found fragments of words from other languages.
Based on explanation above, code-mixing is the alternation the lexical items and grammatical features, such as words, phrases, and clause into one language from another.
b. Types of Code-Mixing
Code-mixing can be classified into 3 types, those are words, those are insertion, alternation, and congruent lexicalization. According to Muysken (2000) states, “there are three types of code-mixing as follows: insertion, alternation, and congruent lexicalization” (p. 3). The followings are the explanations for each type of code-mixing.
1) Insertion
This type of code-mixing occurs when lexical items or entire constituent from one language are in corporate into another. Insertion is a type of code-mixing that occurs when one language determines the overall structure into which constituents from another language are inserted. According to Suwito (1996) as cited by Sutrismi (2014) states,
The forms insertion of code mixing into seven kinds according to the linguistic elements that involved in code mixing as follows: a) the insertion of words, b) the insertion of blending, c) the insertion of phrase, d) the insertion of hybrid, e) the insertion of word reduplication, f) the insertion of idioms, and g) the insertion of clause. (p. 2).
It means the forms of insertion of code-mixing divided as follows:
a) The insertion of words, here means the language unit that stands on its own, it consists of free morpheme sand bound morphemes. Words do not always constitute the smallest meaningful units in a language. Instead words are sometimes constructed of smaller parts. These parts are called morphemes. For example: “…belajar gratis dari university selama 2 tahun…” Morphologically the underlined word is a single word, because it is smallest meaningful linguistic unit that can be used on its own. University is a base or an origin word.
b) The insertion of blending is a group of two separated words to generate a single new term. According to Yule, George (2010), “The combination of two forms to produce a single new term in the processes called blending” (p 55). Generally, blending is formed based on the first syllable and grouped with the second syllable, for example: “Kenapa kita bisa jadi mompreneur?”. Mompreneur is a blending word, because it is formed by two words; mommy (noun) and entrepreneur (noun).
c) The insertion of phrase is a group of two or more related words that does not certain both as subject and a predicate. For example: “Gue pulang kembali ke Jakarta, dan dia bekerja di sebuah event organizer”. Event organizer is a noun phrase which consists of two words, organizer as modifier and event as headword.
d) The insertion of hybrids. Cerystal (2008) states, “In historical linguistics, hybrid is a word composed elements of different languages” (p. 232). It is a combination of word pieces, the combination pieces of Indonesian word and English word. For examples: “Toh, kalo date-nya gagal, paling gak gue bisa ke pinggir Taman Lawang bawa kecrekan”. The word datenya is a hybrid, because the word perform is English word and the word ‘nya’ is Indonesian prefix. The word date means time. The words date and ‘-nya’ should be written separated by a separator symbol; date ‘-nya.’
e) The insertion of word reduplication. Word reduplication is the repetition of some parts of the base (which maybe the entire base) more than one word. Reduplication is a morphological process by which the root or stem of a word, or part of it is repeated. Reduplication is used in inflections to convoy a grammatical function, such as plurality and intensification. Reduplication is found in a wide range of languages and language groups, though its level of linguistic productivity varies. For example: “Kabar kita disini fine-fine aja kok.” The word fine-fine is reduplication form of code-mixing, because it has repeated in the sentence. Actually English has no reduplication. The form of reduplication is coming from Indonesian language. Therefore, the word beautiful-beautiful is using Indonesian system and concept but it has written in English.
f) The insertion of idioms. According to Crystal (2008) “Idiom is a term used in grammar and lexicology to refer to a sequence of words which is semantically and often syntactically restricted, so that they function as a single unit” (p. 236). It means, language expression in the form of a compound word (phrase) which the meaning has been fused, and could not be interpreted with the meaning of the elements that make it up. For example: “Jika kamu ingin mendapat nilai bagus, please hit the books!” It means, hit the books here can be interpreted as reading or studying.
g) The insertion of clause is the part of sentence that consists of subject and finite/predicate but has not expressed the complete idea. Clause is a group of word having a subject and predicate some clause are independents, it means, they can stand themselves as sentences or may appear within sentences as grammatically complete statement. Other clauses are dependent (subordinate) they cannot stand themselves and therefore the meaning upon the reminders of the sentences in which they appear. For examples: “Oh ya? Sounds like fun kata gue.” Sounds like fun is an independent clause.
2) Alternation
Alternation is a type of code-mixing in which two languages occur alternately with their own structure. According to Muysken (2000:3), alternation occurs when structures of two languages are alternated indistinctively both at the grammatical and lexical level between structures and from languages. It means alternation is said to be characteristic of less fluent bilingual tends to be bidirectional. For example: “Or I should say, kehidupan seksual kami.” Or I should say is dependent clause that has meaning to give information. It consists of subject and predicate with conjunction “or.”
3) Congruent lexicalization
Congruent lexicalization refers to a situation where the participating two languages share a grammatical structure which can be filled lexically with elements from either language. This kind of code mixing occurs at the phonological level, as when Indonesian people says an English word, but modify it to Indonesian phonological structure. For example: “Baca pas bagian diagnosis,” Diagnosis is a single word that has a meaning the process of determining by examination the nature and circumstances of diseased condition. Indonesian people say “diagnosis” with the same phonological “diagnosis” in English.
Based on description above, the writer conclude that the forms of code-mixing consist of insertion of word, blending, phrase, hybrid, word reduplication, idiom and clause.
c. Motives of using code-mixing
Every people have different motives of using code mixing in their conversation with each other. Bhatia & Ritchie (1999, as cited by Lau et al. 2011), explain code-mixing as follows:
Code-mixing refers to the mixing of various linguistic units (words, phrases, clauses, and sentences) primarily from two participating grammatical systems across sentence boundaries within a speech event. In other words, code-mixing is inter-sentential and may be subject to some discourse principles. It is motivated by social and psychological factors (p. 244).
It means the use of various linguistic units for mixing two languages in the speech act, and it is the use of two or more languages in a single sentence motivated by social and psychological factors. According to Hockett (1958) states, “Motive of using code-mixing is classified in two; need feeling motive and prestige feeling motive” (p. 404). The followings are the explanations for each motive of code-mixing.
1) Need Filling Motive
Need filling motive is a motive when the speakers cannot find the words that have similar meanings. For example: “Perempuan itu, walaupun penampilannya sangat santai, hanya memakai celana jeans robek-robek dan kaus ketat berwarna hitam, tampak begitu memukau.” Jeans is a single word that has meaning trousers made of denim. In Indonesian “Jeans” has same meaning with “jeans” in English. The speaker cannot find the same word to say about jeans, because in Indonesian uses same word “Jeans.”
2) Prestige Filling Motive
The speaker chooses prestige filling motive for their educational status appeared. People emulate those whom they admire, in speech pattern as well as in other respect. For example: “Dan, itulah alasan utama kenapa sekarang aku ada di apartemen loft-ku yang di desain minimalis kronis, alias nyaris nggak ada barang.” Loft is the utterance to explain room or space under the roof of a house. So, he said this utterance is concluded prestige filling motive. It has the other utterance to say it with the same meaning “loteng.”
Based on explanation above, motives of using code-mixing in the conversation or dialogues are social and psychological factors. Furthermore, motives of using code-mixing are caused by the speakers cannot find the similar meaning in their language (Need Feeling Motives) and for appearing educational status (Prestige Feeling Motives).
3. Description of Novel
In the modern era novel is makes use of a literary prose style, and the development of the prose novel at this time was encouraged by innovations in printing. According to Abrams (1999) states, “The term "novel" is now applied to a great variety of writings that have in common only the attribute of being extended works of fiction written in prose” (p. 190). It means a long narrative, normally in prose, which describes fictional characters and events, usually in the form of a sequential story. Meanwhile, one of literary work in the form of a long story. Novel is often interpreted as a work of prose fiction contain lenghth usually more than 50.000 words, with the sequence of events, characters and plot. The “novel” comes from the Italian “novella” and French “nouvelles” which means something new and small. According to Abrams in Nurgiyantoro, Burhan, (1995) as quted by Nurman (2015) “secara harfiah novella berarti sebuah barang baru yang kecil, dan kemudian di artikan sebagai cerita pendek dalam bentuk prosa” (p. 9). It means, literally ‘novella’ means a small new thing, and then interpreted as a story in prose. Novel is often said as short story, but the both have the differences. A short story focuses on intensity and novel focuses on complexity emersion, it means an ability to tell the problem of the story extensively.
Based on the explanation above the writer concludes that novel is a prose fiction which focuses on complexity and the characters and events usually imaginary.
G. Study of the Relevant Research
This research has relevance to the previous research written by Nuryanto, Sri (2014) entitled, “Code Mixing Used in Sby’s Political Speeches.” The researcher concluded, The kinds of language form that are found in the data are word, compound noun, phrase, compound noun – phrase, clause, hybridization and gradual comparison of adjective. The word consists of noun (23,26%), verb (5,81%), and adjective (2,32%). Compound noun is about 18,60%. Phrase comprises noun phrase (33,72%), verb phrase (3,49%), and infinitive phrase (3,49%). Compound noun – phrase is about 1,16%. Clause that is dependent clause is 2,32 %. Hybridization is about 4,65%. And gradual comparison of adjective is 1,16%. Noun phrase dominates language form of code mixing in SBY’s speeches. The factors causing code mixing in SBY’s speech consists of internal factors: low frequency of word (5,81%), and pernicious homonymy (1,16%); and external factors: introduction and development new culture (13,95%), insufficiently differentiated (5,81%), social value (59,30%) and oversight (13,95%). Social value dominates factor causing code mixing in SBY’s speeches.
The similarity between this research and the previous research is that the research concerns in finding out of the language forms were code-mixed from the linguistic perspective. Nuryanto, Sri (2014) focuses on the political speeches and the factors that cause those codes mixing as her object research, the dialogues occurred more reflextive and it cannot be edited. Meanwhile, this research focuses on the types of code-mixing and the motives of using code-mixing, and then the object of this research is a novel. Therefore, the dialogues occurred tend to be more structurally by author.
H. Framework
Novel is a prose work. Therefore the authors are free to express their writing related to the use of language or stress on the words or phrases that the writer can use in daily life.
By reading novel ‘5 CM’ the writer finds that in delivering the story, in this novel the author uses several languages there are, the Javanese, Indonesian, and English. This case shows that in the novel there are cases of multilingualism.
Code-mixing is the alternation of two languages or more in communication without changing the topic. It happens as a result of the use of two languages or more in the conversation. Through this study the writer attempts to analyze the types of code-mixing in the novel there are insertion, alternation, lexical, and the motives causes the use of code-mixing in the novel ‘5 CM’ by Donny Dhirgantoro.
The use of language in the novel ‘5 CM’ shows the use of elements of foreign language and vernacular into Indonesian language. In this research, the writer tries to analyse the types of code-mixing and motives of using code-mixing in the novel ‘5 CM’ by Dhonny Dhigantoro.
I. Method of the Research
This research aims to determine the types of code-mixing used in novel ‘5cm’ and the motives of using code-mixing in the novel ‘5 CM’ by Donny Dhirgantoro. Therefore, this research uses a qualitative descriptive method. According to Fraenkel, Jack R. and Norman E.Wallen (2006), “A qualitative research focuses on holistic description-that is, on describing in detail all of what goes in particular activity or situation” (p. 280). It means, descriptive research is the research which tries to describe a symptom, a phenomenon, or event occurred in the present time. In this research the descriptive qualitative is used to find out the types of code-mixing used in novel, and the motives of using code-mixing in the novel ‘5 CM’.
J. Focus of the Research
The focus of the research is on the use of code-mixing in the novel ‘5 CM’ written by Donny Dhirgantoro.
In this research will be analyzed:
1. The types of code-mixing used in the novel ‘5 CM’
2. The motives of using code-mixing in the novel ‘5 CM’
K. Data and Sources of the Data
1. Data
The data of the study are the dialogue and monolog used by the characters in the novel ‘5 CM’ written by Donny Dhirgantoro.
2. Sources of the Data
The sources of this study are the novel ‘5 CM’ written by Donny Dhirgantoro.
Table 1.1
The Characters in the Novel ‘5 CM’
No Name Code Meaning
1 Arial C1 Character 1
5 Genta C2 Character 2
4 Ian C3 Character 3
3 Riani C4 Character 4
2 Zafran C5 Character 5
L. Steps of the Research
In doing the research, the writer takes the following steps:
1. Formulating the problems and the aims of the research
2. Determining the techniques of analyzing the data
3. Reading the novel ‘5 CM’ written by Dhonny Dhirgantoro
4. Identifying sentences containing the code-mixing in the novel ‘5 CM’ written by Donny Dhirgantoro
5. Analyzing the data
6. Making conclusion
7. Making report
M. Technique of collecting the data
In collecting the data, the writer uses documentation in collecting the data. According to Arikunto, Suharsimi (2010), “Documentation is a technique to get data by collecting data from note, novel, transcript, newspaper, magazine, etc” (p. 274). The writer gets the data by collecting novel ‘5 CM’ written by Donny Dhirgantoro as a technique of collecting the data. In addition, the writer determines the most used types of code mixing and motives of using code mixing.
N. Research Instrument
The research instrument of this research is the writer as researcher of the research. Fraenkel & Norman (2006), “…the researcher is the instrument in qualitative research” (p. 430). Meanwhile, Sugiyono (2012), “Dalam penelitian kualitatif instrument utamanya adalah peneliti sendiri” (p. 59). It means, the key instrument in qualitative research is the researcher. The writer is a researcher in order to organize the research and to make the research report about types of code-mixing and motives that use code-mixing in novel ‘5 CM’ written by Donny Dhirgantoro.
O. Techniques of Analysing the Data
The techniques of Analysing the the data used in this research is descriptive analysis techniques, by which the authors identify expressions that contain code-mixing used by the characters in the novel ‘5 CM’ by Donny Dhirgantoro.
1. Categorization
a) Types of code-mixing
There are types of code-mixing which can be categorized into insertion, alternation, and congruent lexicalization.
b) Motives of using code-mixing
Code-mixing can occur caused by some motives, they are need filling motive and prestige feeling motive.
Table 1.1
The Catagorization the Data
No. Types of Code-Mixing Code
1 Insertion Insertion of Word IW
Insertion of Phrase IP
Insertion of Hybrid IH
Insertion of Word Reduplication IWR
Insertion of Idioms II
Insertion of Clause IC
Insertion of Blending IB
2 Alternation ALT
3 Congruent Lexicalitaion CL
Table 1.2
The Categorization the Data
No Motives of using Code-Mixing Code
1 Need Feeling Motives NF
2 Prestige Feeling Motives PF
2. Display
Display is a technique in analyzing the qualitative. In this research, the writer analysis the data by displaying or presenting it in the form of tables. According to Miles and Huberman (1994), as cited by sugiyono (2013) “looking at the displays helps us to understand what is happening and to do something –either analyze further or take action based on that understanding” (p. 95). It means, in analyzing the data, display has three functions, those are: to reduce the data from the complex one into simple one, to conclude the researcher’s interpretation of the data, and to present the data thoroughly.
3. Conclusion Drawing/Verification
In this stage, the data are concluded to answer the research question. Sugiyono (1994) states, “kesimpulan dalam penelitian kualitatif mungkin dapat menjawab rumusan masalah yang dirumuskan sejak awal” (p. 99). It means, conclusion drawing/verification constitutes the third stage which has supported by evidences that valid and consistent when the researcher collects the data. Then, conclusion which is stated consist credible verification.
The collected data were analyzed based on the code mixing used. To find out the presented categories of code mixing used in “5 CM” novel written by Donny Dhirgantoro. The percentage is determined by using the following formula:
Explanation:
P as percentage
F as frequency of words
N as total of words
P. Place and Time of the Research
The writer will be conducted this research at the researcher’s home.
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